Initial version of fail2ban-webui
Web interface to view, ban and unban fail2ban IPs on several hosts via SSH, generalised from the private f2b-web tool. - Web UI (Flask/Waitress): hosts.yaml, local/OIDC/proxy authentication, English/German UI, origin map, optional Loki/Grafana/GeoIP, CLI helpers - Agent f2b-webctl with install.sh/uninstall.sh (dedicated user + sudo, from= restriction, protected networks, manual jail) - Hardened Docker image, examples, documentation, smoke test, testbed Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
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schiwagoaandClaude Opus 5.5 committed
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Executable
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#!/usr/bin/env bash
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# =====================================================================
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# fail2ban-webui agent – installer
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#
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# Installs on a host with fail2ban (bare metal, VM, LXC, Docker host):
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# /usr/local/sbin/f2b-webctl restricted fail2ban control (forced command)
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# /etc/f2b-webctl.conf agent settings (protected networks, manual jail)
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# user f2bweb + /etc/sudoers.d/f2b-webctl (not with --user root)
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# authorized_keys entry restrict,from=…,command=… <key of the web UI>
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# jail manual-block for manual bans (only if it does not exist yet)
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#
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# Idempotent: running it again updates the script and replaces the key entry.
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# Existing files are backed up to --backup-dir first.
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#
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# Example:
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# ./install.sh --key-file id_ed25519.pub --from 198.51.100.10
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# =====================================================================
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set -euo pipefail
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SRC_DIR="$(cd "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")" && pwd)"
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AGENT_BIN=/usr/local/sbin/f2b-webctl
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CONF_FILE=/etc/f2b-webctl.conf
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SUDOERS_FILE=/etc/sudoers.d/f2b-webctl
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USER_NAME=f2bweb
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KEY=""
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KEY_FILE=""
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FROM=""
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AK_FILE=""
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MANUAL_JAIL=manual-block
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BANACTION=""
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PROTECT=""
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INSTALL_JAIL=1
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FORCE_CONFIG=0
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BACKUP_DIR=/var/backups/fail2ban-webui-agent
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DRY_RUN=0
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YES=0
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usage() {
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cat <<'EOF'
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Usage: install.sh --key-file FILE | --key "ssh-ed25519 AAAA…" [options]
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Required:
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--key-file FILE public key of the web UI (from: fail2ban-webui keygen)
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--key "KEY" the same, given directly
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Recommended:
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--from ADDRESSES only accept the key from these IPs/networks
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(comma separated, e.g. 198.51.100.10,2001:db8::10)
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Options:
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--user NAME SSH user of the agent (default: f2bweb, uses sudo);
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"root" works without sudo
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--authorized-keys-file PATH where the key entry goes
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(default: ~USER/.ssh/authorized_keys)
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--manual-jail NAME jail for manual bans (default: manual-block)
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--banaction ACTION banaction for a newly created manual jail
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(default: the banaction of your jail.local)
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--protect NETWORKS additional addresses that must never be banned
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(comma separated, e.g. your home IP)
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--no-jail do not create the manual jail
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--force-config overwrite an existing /etc/f2b-webctl.conf
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--backup-dir DIR backups of changed files (default: /var/backups/fail2ban-webui-agent)
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--dry-run only show what would be done
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-y, --yes do not ask for confirmation
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-h, --help this help
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EOF
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}
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die() { echo "ERROR: $*" >&2; exit 1; }
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warn() { echo "WARNING: $*" >&2; }
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info() { echo "==> $*"; }
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need() { [ $# -ge 2 ] && [ -n "$2" ] || die "option $1 needs a value"; }
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while [ $# -gt 0 ]; do
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case "$1" in
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--key) need "$@"; KEY="$2"; shift 2 ;;
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--key-file) need "$@"; KEY_FILE="$2"; shift 2 ;;
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--from) need "$@"; FROM="$2"; shift 2 ;;
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--user) need "$@"; USER_NAME="$2"; shift 2 ;;
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--authorized-keys-file) need "$@"; AK_FILE="$2"; shift 2 ;;
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--manual-jail) need "$@"; MANUAL_JAIL="$2"; shift 2 ;;
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--banaction) need "$@"; BANACTION="$2"; shift 2 ;;
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--protect) need "$@"; PROTECT="$2"; shift 2 ;;
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--no-jail) INSTALL_JAIL=0; shift ;;
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--force-config) FORCE_CONFIG=1; shift ;;
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--backup-dir) need "$@"; BACKUP_DIR="$2"; shift 2 ;;
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--dry-run) DRY_RUN=1; shift ;;
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-y|--yes) YES=1; shift ;;
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-h|--help) usage; exit 0 ;;
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*) usage >&2; die "unknown option: $1" ;;
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esac
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done
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# ---------------------------------------------------------------------
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# Checks (read only)
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# ---------------------------------------------------------------------
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[ "$(id -u)" -eq 0 ] || die "please run as root"
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[ -f "$SRC_DIR/f2b-webctl" ] || die "$SRC_DIR/f2b-webctl not found – run install.sh from the agent directory"
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command -v python3 >/dev/null || die "python3 is missing (apt install python3)"
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command -v fail2ban-client >/dev/null || die "fail2ban-client not found – is fail2ban installed?"
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fail2ban-client ping >/dev/null 2>&1 || die "fail2ban is not running (fail2ban-client ping failed)"
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SSHD=$(command -v sshd || echo /usr/sbin/sshd)
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[ -x "$SSHD" ] || die "sshd not found – the agent is reached via SSH"
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[[ "$USER_NAME" =~ ^[a-z_][a-z0-9_-]{0,31}$ ]] || die "invalid user name: $USER_NAME"
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[[ "$MANUAL_JAIL" =~ ^[A-Za-z0-9][A-Za-z0-9_.-]{0,40}$ ]] || die "invalid jail name: $MANUAL_JAIL"
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[ -z "$FROM" ] || [[ "$FROM" =~ ^[0-9A-Fa-f.:/,*?!]+$ ]] || die "invalid --from: $FROM"
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[ -z "$PROTECT" ] || [[ "$PROTECT" =~ ^[0-9A-Fa-f.:/,]+$ ]] || die "invalid --protect: $PROTECT"
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[ -z "$BANACTION" ] || [[ "$BANACTION" != *$'\n'* ]] || die "invalid --banaction"
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if [ -n "$KEY_FILE" ]; then
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[ -r "$KEY_FILE" ] || die "cannot read $KEY_FILE"
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KEY=$(grep -m1 -E '^(ssh-|ecdsa-|sk-)' "$KEY_FILE" || true)
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fi
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[ -n "$KEY" ] || die "no key given (--key-file or --key)"
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read -r KEY_TYPE KEY_BLOB _ <<<"$KEY"
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[[ "$KEY_TYPE" =~ ^(ssh-ed25519|ssh-rsa|ecdsa-sha2-nistp(256|384|521)|sk-ssh-ed25519@openssh\.com)$ ]] \
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|| die "unsupported key type: $KEY_TYPE"
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[[ "$KEY_BLOB" =~ ^[A-Za-z0-9+/]+=*$ ]] || die "the key looks broken"
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KEY_FP=$(ssh-keygen -lf /dev/stdin <<<"$KEY_TYPE $KEY_BLOB" 2>/dev/null) || die "ssh-keygen cannot read the key"
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if [ "$USER_NAME" = root ]; then
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FORCED_CMD="$AGENT_BIN"
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HOME_DIR=/root
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else
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command -v sudo >/dev/null || die "sudo is missing (apt install sudo) – or use --user root"
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command -v visudo >/dev/null || die "visudo is missing"
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FORCED_CMD="sudo -n $AGENT_BIN"
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HOME_DIR=$(getent passwd "$USER_NAME" | cut -d: -f6 || true)
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[ -n "$HOME_DIR" ] || HOME_DIR=/var/lib/$USER_NAME
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fi
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AK_FILE=${AK_FILE:-$HOME_DIR/.ssh/authorized_keys}
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OPTS="restrict"
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[ -z "$FROM" ] || OPTS="$OPTS,from=\"$FROM\""
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OPTS="$OPTS,command=\"$FORCED_CMD\""
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AK_LINE="$OPTS $KEY_TYPE $KEY_BLOB fail2ban-webui"
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JAIL_EXISTS=0
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fail2ban-client status "$MANUAL_JAIL" >/dev/null 2>&1 && JAIL_EXISTS=1
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F2B_VERSION=$(fail2ban-client version 2>/dev/null | tail -n1 || echo "?")
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AGENT_VERSION=$(sed -n 's/^VERSION = "\(.*\)"/\1/p' "$SRC_DIR/f2b-webctl")
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# sshd: is the chosen file read at all, and may the user log in?
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SSHD_T=$("$SSHD" -T -C "user=$USER_NAME,host=localhost,addr=127.0.0.1" 2>/dev/null || true)
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AK_OK=0
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for entry in $(awk '/^authorizedkeysfile /{for(i=2;i<=NF;i++)print $i}' <<<"$SSHD_T"); do
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entry=${entry//%h/$HOME_DIR}; entry=${entry//%u/$USER_NAME}; entry=${entry//%%/%}
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[[ "$entry" = /* ]] || entry="$HOME_DIR/$entry"
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[ "$entry" = "$AK_FILE" ] && AK_OK=1
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done
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# ---------------------------------------------------------------------
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# Summary
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# ---------------------------------------------------------------------
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cat <<EOF
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fail2ban-webui agent $AGENT_VERSION – fail2ban $F2B_VERSION – $(hostname -f 2>/dev/null || hostname)
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script $AGENT_BIN
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config $CONF_FILE $( [ -e "$CONF_FILE" ] && [ $FORCE_CONFIG -eq 0 ] && echo "(exists, kept)" )
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SSH user $USER_NAME $( [ "$USER_NAME" != root ] && ! id "$USER_NAME" >/dev/null 2>&1 && echo "(will be created)" )
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sudo rule $( [ "$USER_NAME" = root ] && echo "not needed" || echo "$SUDOERS_FILE" )
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key file $AK_FILE
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key $KEY_FP
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allowed from ${FROM:-ANY ADDRESS (consider --from)}
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manual jail $MANUAL_JAIL $( [ $JAIL_EXISTS -eq 1 ] && echo "(exists, kept)" || { [ $INSTALL_JAIL -eq 1 ] && echo "(will be created)" || echo "(MISSING – bans will fail)"; } )
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backups $BACKUP_DIR
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EOF
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echo
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[ $AK_OK -eq 1 ] || warn "sshd does not read $AK_FILE (AuthorizedKeysFile) – the key would not work"
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grep -qE '^(allowusers|allowgroups) ' <<<"$SSHD_T" && warn "sshd has AllowUsers/AllowGroups – make sure $USER_NAME is allowed"
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[ "$USER_NAME" = root ] && grep -q '^permitrootlogin no' <<<"$SSHD_T" && warn "PermitRootLogin is 'no' – use the default user f2bweb instead"
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[ -n "$FROM" ] || warn "without --from the key works from every address"
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if [ $DRY_RUN -eq 1 ]; then
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echo "authorized_keys entry:"; echo " $AK_LINE"; echo
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info "dry run – nothing changed"
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exit 0
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fi
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if [ $YES -eq 0 ]; then
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[ -t 0 ] || die "no terminal for the confirmation – use --yes"
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read -r -p "Install? [y/N] " answer
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[[ "$answer" =~ ^[yYjJ] ]] || die "aborted, nothing changed"
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fi
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# ---------------------------------------------------------------------
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# Backup
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# ---------------------------------------------------------------------
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STAMP=$(date +%Y-%m-%d_%H-%M-%S)
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BK="$BACKUP_DIR/agent_$STAMP"
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for f in "$AGENT_BIN" "$CONF_FILE" "$SUDOERS_FILE" "$AK_FILE" \
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"/etc/fail2ban/jail.d/$MANUAL_JAIL.local" "/etc/fail2ban/filter.d/$MANUAL_JAIL.conf"; do
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if [ -e "$f" ]; then
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mkdir -p "$BK"; chmod 700 "$BACKUP_DIR" "$BK"
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cp -a --parents "$f" "$BK/"
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fi
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done
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[ -d "$BK" ] && info "backup: $BK"
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# ---------------------------------------------------------------------
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# Install
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# ---------------------------------------------------------------------
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info "installing $AGENT_BIN"
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install -o root -g root -m 0750 "$SRC_DIR/f2b-webctl" "$AGENT_BIN"
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if [ ! -e "$CONF_FILE" ] || [ $FORCE_CONFIG -eq 1 ]; then
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info "writing $CONF_FILE"
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umask 022
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cat > "$CONF_FILE" <<EOF
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# fail2ban-webui agent (f2b-webctl) – settings
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# Jail used for manual bans from the web UI
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MANUAL_JAIL=$MANUAL_JAIL
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# Addresses/networks that must never be banned (comma separated), e.g. your home IP.
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# Private, loopback, link-local and CGNAT ranges are always protected.
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PROTECTED=$PROTECT
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# Also protect all addresses of this host and the address of the web UI (yes/no)
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PROTECT_OWN_ADDRESSES=yes
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PROTECT_CLIENT=yes
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EOF
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chmod 0644 "$CONF_FILE"
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elif [ -n "$PROTECT" ]; then
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warn "$CONF_FILE exists – --protect was NOT applied (edit the file or use --force-config)"
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fi
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if [ "$USER_NAME" != root ]; then
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if ! id "$USER_NAME" >/dev/null 2>&1; then
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info "creating user $USER_NAME"
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useradd --system --create-home --home-dir "$HOME_DIR" --shell /bin/sh \
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--comment "fail2ban-webui agent" "$USER_NAME"
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fi
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# "*" = no password, but not locked (a locked account may be refused by sshd)
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usermod -p '*' "$USER_NAME"
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info "writing $SUDOERS_FILE"
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tmp=$(mktemp)
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cat > "$tmp" <<EOF
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# fail2ban-webui agent: $USER_NAME may only run f2b-webctl as root.
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# SSH_ORIGINAL_COMMAND carries the requested command, SSH_CLIENT the caller for the log.
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Defaults!$AGENT_BIN env_keep += "SSH_ORIGINAL_COMMAND SSH_CLIENT"
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$USER_NAME ALL=(root) NOPASSWD: $AGENT_BIN
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EOF
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visudo -cf "$tmp" >/dev/null || { rm -f "$tmp"; die "sudoers syntax check failed"; }
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install -o root -g root -m 0440 "$tmp" "$SUDOERS_FILE"
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rm -f "$tmp"
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fi
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info "adding key to $AK_FILE"
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AK_DIR=$(dirname "$AK_FILE")
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mkdir -p "$AK_DIR"
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touch "$AK_FILE"
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tmp=$(mktemp)
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grep -vF "$KEY_BLOB" "$AK_FILE" > "$tmp" || true
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echo "$AK_LINE" >> "$tmp"
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cat "$tmp" > "$AK_FILE"
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rm -f "$tmp"
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if [ "$AK_DIR" = "$HOME_DIR/.ssh" ]; then
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chown "$USER_NAME:" "$AK_DIR"
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chmod 700 "$AK_DIR"
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fi
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chown "$USER_NAME:" "$AK_FILE" 2>/dev/null || true
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chmod 600 "$AK_FILE"
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if [ $JAIL_EXISTS -eq 0 ] && [ $INSTALL_JAIL -eq 1 ]; then
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info "creating jail $MANUAL_JAIL"
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cat > "/etc/fail2ban/filter.d/$MANUAL_JAIL.conf" <<EOF
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# fail2ban-webui: never matches – the jail is only filled via
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# "fail2ban-client set $MANUAL_JAIL banip <ip>"
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[Definition]
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failregex = ^FAIL2BAN-WEBUI-NEVER-MATCHES <HOST>\$
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ignoreregex =
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EOF
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touch "/var/log/fail2ban-$MANUAL_JAIL.log"
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{
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echo "# fail2ban-webui: permanent manual bans from the web UI"
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echo "[$MANUAL_JAIL]"
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echo "enabled = true"
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echo "filter = $MANUAL_JAIL"
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echo "backend = polling"
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echo "logpath = /var/log/fail2ban-$MANUAL_JAIL.log"
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echo "maxretry = 1"
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echo "bantime = -1"
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[ -z "$BANACTION" ] || echo "banaction = $BANACTION"
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} > "/etc/fail2ban/jail.d/$MANUAL_JAIL.local"
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fail2ban-client reload >/dev/null || die "fail2ban reload failed – check: fail2ban-client -t"
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fail2ban-client status "$MANUAL_JAIL" >/dev/null 2>&1 || die "jail $MANUAL_JAIL did not start – check the fail2ban log"
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fi
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# ---------------------------------------------------------------------
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# Self test
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# ---------------------------------------------------------------------
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info "self test"
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if [ "$USER_NAME" = root ]; then
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run_test() { SSH_ORIGINAL_COMMAND=list "$AGENT_BIN"; }
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else
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# same path as over SSH: as $USER_NAME through the sudo rule
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run_test() { runuser -u "$USER_NAME" -- env SSH_ORIGINAL_COMMAND=list sudo -n "$AGENT_BIN"; }
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fi
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run_test | python3 -c '
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import json, sys
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d = json.loads(sys.stdin.read())
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if not d.get("ok"):
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sys.exit("self test failed: " + d.get("error", "?"))
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print(" %d jails, %d bans: %s" % (len(d["jails"]), sum(len(j["bans"]) for j in d["jails"].values()), ", ".join(d["jails"])))
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'
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cat <<EOF
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Done. Next steps on the web UI host:
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1. add this host to config/hosts.yaml (user: $USER_NAME)
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2. docker compose run --rm -it fail2ban-webui keyscan
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3. docker compose run --rm fail2ban-webui check
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EOF
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Reference in new issue
Block a user